What are the abnormalities of the waveform of the jugular venous pulse (JVP)?

WAVEFORM	CAUSE
Cannon (irregular, large) a waves	Complete heart block
Absent a waves	Atrial fibrillation
Dominant v waves	Tricuspid regurgitation
Prominent x descent	Acute cardiac tamponade Constrictive pericarditis
Absent x descent	Atrial fibrillation
Sharp y descent	Severe tricuspid regurgitation Constrictive pericarditis
Slow y descent	Tricuspid stenosis Right atrial myxoma

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